c`v‡_©i
MVb
†gŠwjK
c`v‡_©i ÿy`ªZg KYv hvi ¯^vaxb Aw¯ÍË¡ †bB| wKš‘ ÿz`ªZg GKK wn‡m‡e mivmwi
ivmvqwbK wewµhvq AskMÖnY K‡i Zv‡K cigvYy e‡i|
cigvYy
wefvR¨| cigvYy †f‡½ AviI GKvwaK m~² KwbKvq wef³ n‡Z cv‡i| Gme GKvwaK m~² KwbKvq
wef³ n‡Z cv‡i| Gme m~² KwYvKv‡K Avi fv½v hvq bv| G m~² KwYKv¸‡jv n‡jv cigvYyi
g~j KwYKv|
cigvYyi
g~jKwYKv 3 cÖKvi| h_v :
1| ¯’vqx g~j KwYKv|
2| A¯’vqx g~j KwYKv
3| K‡¤úvwRU KwYKv|
¯’vqx g~j KwYKv 3 cÖKvi| h_v:
1| B‡jKUªb
2| ‡cÖvUb
3| wbDUªb
A¯’vqx g~j KwYKv wewfbœ cÖKvi| h_v :
1| wbDUª‡bv
2| A¨vw›UwbDUª‡bv
3| MÖvwfUªb
4| cwRUªb
5| ‡evmb
6| ‡gmb BZ¨vw`
K‡¤úvwRU KwYKv 2 cÖKvi| h_v:
1|
(Avjdv) KwYKv
2| wWD‡UiY
¯’vqx g~j
KwYKv
‰ewkó¨
|
B‡jKUªb
|
‡cÖvUb
|
wbDUb
|
Avew®‹vi
|
m¨vi †R. †R _gmb
|
iv`vi‡dvW©
|
P¨vWDBK
|
Avwe®‹v‡ii mb
|
1897
|
1911
|
1932
|
Ae¯’vb
|
cigvYyi Kÿc‡_
|
wbDwK¬qv‡m
|
wbDwK¬qv‡m
|
cÖwZ
|
|||
Avav‡bi cwigvY
|
|||
Avav‡bi cÖK…wZ
|
FbvZ¥K
|
abvZ¥K
|
wb‡iv‡cÿ
|
Av‡cwÿK Avavb
|
|||
fi
|
|||
nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi Zzjbvq fi
|
mgvb
|
GKUz †ewk
|
AvB‡mvUc
wewfbœ †gŠ‡ji †h me cigvYyi †cÖvUb msL¨v mgvb, wKš‘ fi I wbDUªb
msL¨v wfbœ Zv‡`i‡K G‡K Ac‡ii AvB‡mv‡Uvc e‡j|
D`vniY : nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi AvB‡mv‡Uvc¸‡jv n‡jv :
†cÖvwUqvg wWD‡Uvwiqvg wUªwUqvg
‰ewkó¨ :
1| AvB‡mv‡Uvcmg~n GKB †gŠ‡ji cigvYy
2| G‡`i cvigvYweK ev †cÖvUb msL¨v mgvb wKš‘ fi
msL¨v I wbDUb msL¨v wfbœ|
3| ch©vq mviwY‡Z GB †gŠ‡ji AvB‡mv‡Uvc mg~‡ni
Ae¯’vb GKB (iso A_© GKB Ges tope A_© ¯’vb|
4| G‡`i ivmvqwbK ag© Awfbœ wKš‘ †fŠZ ag© wfbœ|
e¨envi : c„w_exi eqm wbY©q, ivmvqwbK wewµqvq wµqv †KŠkj wbY©q,
K…wlweÁvb M‡elYvq, wPwKrmv weÁv‡b, wkí KviLvbvq BZ¨vw` ¯’v‡b|
AvB‡mvevi
wewfbœ †gŠ‡ji †h me cigvYyi fi msL¨v mgvb, wKš‘ †cÖv‡Uvb msL¨v wfbœ
Zv‡`i‡K G‡K Ac‡ii AvB‡mvevi e‡j|
D`vniY :
ci¯ú‡i AvB‡mvevi|
‰ewkó¨ : 1| AvB‡mvevi ¸‡jv
wfbœ wfbœ †gŠ‡ji cigvYy|
2| G‡`i fi msL¨v mgvb, wKš‘ cvigvYweK ev †cÖvUb
msL¨v wfbœ|
3| Avjv`v cvigvYweK msL¨v weavq ch©vq mviwY‡Z Gi
Ae¯’vb wfbœ wfbœ
4| G‡`i mKj †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK ag© wfbœ|
AvB‡mv‡Uvb
†h me cigvYyi wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb wKš‘ cvigvYweK I fi msL¨v wfbœ wfbœ
Zv‡`i‡K AvB‡mv‡Uvb e‡j|
D`vniY :
ci¯ú‡i AvB‡mv‡Ub|
cvigvYweK
msL¨v
†Kvb †gŠ‡ji cigvYy
wbDwK¬qv‡m hZwU †cÖvUb _v‡K Zvi msL¨v‡K H †gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK msL¨v ev †cÖvUb msL¨v
e‡j|
cvigvYweK
fi msL¨v
†Kvb †gŠ‡jii cigvYyi
wbDwK¬qv‡m Dcw¯’Z †cÖvUb I wbDwK¬q‡mi wbDUªb Gi †gvU msL¨v‡K wbDwK¬qm msL¨v ev
cvigvYweK fi msL¨v e‡j& G‡K A Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| A_©vr A = P +
n
cigvYyi cÖK…Z fi
‡Kvb †gŠ‡ji GKwU gvÎ cigvYyi AšÍM©Z c`v‡_©i
cwigvY‡K H †gŠ‡ji cigvYyi cÖK…Z fi e‡j| †hgb : 12g Kve©b cigvYyi “N” msL¨K A_©vr 6.023
1023 msL¨K Kve©b cigvYy Av‡Q|
=
Abyiƒcfv‡e,
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Gi 1wU cigvYyi cÖK…Z fi
Aw·‡R‡bi 1wU cigvYyi cÖK…Z
fi =
Av‡cwÿK
cvigvYweK fi
†Kvb †gŠ‡jii GKwU cigvYyi ei
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Gi GKwU cigvYyi f‡i Zzjbvq hZ¸Y fvwi Zv‡K H †gŠ‡jii Av‡cwÿK
cvigvYweK fi e‡j|
†gŠ‡ji Av‡cwÿK cvigvYweK fi
eZ©gv‡b Kve©b -12 AvB‡mv‡Uvc Gi f‡ii Ask‡K cvigvYweK f‡ii cÖgvY
wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nq|
A_©¨vr,
†gŠ‡ji Av‡cwÿK cvigvYweK fi
Kve©b -12 AvB‡mv‡Uvc Gi
Ask‡K GUwgKgvm BDwbU ev amu ejv nq|
A_©¨vr,
1amu =
1.66
10-24g
hw` cvigvYweK msL¨v, Z
‡cÖvUb msL¨v, P
B‡jKUªb msL¨v, e
wbDUªb msL¨v, n
fi, A
MvwYwZKfv‡e †jLv hvq †h,
Z = P = e
A = P + n
A – Z = N
A – P = n
†ZRw¯Œq AvB‡mv‡Uvc I e¨vL¨v
†Kv‡bv cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi ¯^Z:ù~Zfv‡e wewfbœ
ai‡bi iwk¥ wewKiY mnKv‡i wbDwK¬qv‡mi cwieZ©b‡K †ZRw¯ŒqZv ejv nq| †hme AvB‡mv‡Uvc
GB ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i Zv‡`i‡K †ZRw¯Œq AvB‡m‡Uvc ejv nq|
†hgb :
Aw·‡R‡bi wZbwU myw¯’Z AvB‡mv‡Uvc †hgb- 16O, 17O,
18O Av‡Q| ZvQvov weÁvbxiv 13O, 14O,
15O, Ges 19O AvB‡mv‡Uvc¸‡jv K…wÎg Dcv‡q Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| GB
PviwU AvB‡mv‡UvcB †ZRw¯Œq| wewfbœ iwk¥i wewKi‡Yi d‡j | Ab¨ †gŠ‡j cwiYZ nq| wKQz
wKQz †ZRw¯Œq AvB‡mv‡Uvc cÖK…wZ‡Z cvIqv hvq| †hgb -
†ZRw¯Œq
AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci e¨envi
i) wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î e¨envi (K) †ivM wbY©q (L) †ivM wbivgq
ii) K…wl‡ÿ‡Î e¨envi
iii) Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y e¨envi
iv) wkí‡ÿ‡Î e¨envi
v) RxeweÁv‡b e¨envi
vi) c„w_exi eqm wba©vi‡Y
viii) ivmvqwbK wewµqvi wµqv‡KŠkj
wba©vi‡Y|
3| Gi
e¨envi G ÿwZKi cÖfve eY©bv Ki? (eB : c„ôv : 34)
iv`vi‡d©v‡Wi
we”QziY cixÿv Ges wbDwK¬qvm
Avwe®‹vi :
1911 wLªóv‡ã weªwUk weÁvbx
iv`vi‡d©vW GKwU ˆZRw¯Œq Drm n‡Z wewKwiZ `ªæZMvgx
KwYKv GKwU AwZcvZjv ¯^Y©cv‡Zi
(cyiË¡ cÖvq 6
10-7m)
Ici we‡ÿcY K‡i jÿ¨ K‡ib †h,
1| AwaKvsk
KwYKv ¯^Y©cvZ †f` K‡i P‡j
hvq|
2| Aí msL¨K
KwYKv weKwl©Z n‡q †eu‡K w`K
cwieZ©b K‡i|
3| AZ¨šÍ Aí msL¨K
KwYKv(cÖvq 20,000 fv‡Mi 1 fvM) cy‡ivcywi †eu‡K wd‡i
Av‡m|
Dc‡ii ch©‡eÿY n‡Z iv`vi‡d©vW wb‡¤œv³ wm×v‡šÍ DcwYZ nb|
1| cigvYyi Af¨šÍ‡ii
AwaKvsk ¯’vb duvKv
2|
KwYKv †h AÂj n‡Z †eu‡K wM‡q
w`K cwieZ©b K‡i Zvi cvk¦©eZ©x A‡j aYvZ¥K Avavb hy³ e¯‘ we`¨gvb| iv`vi‡d©vW GB
aYvZ¥K e¯‘i bvg †`b wbDwK¬qvm| wZwb Av‡ivI e‡jb wbDwK¬qv‡m e¯‘i mg¯Í fi cywÄf~Z _v‡K|
3| cigvYy †gvU AvqZ‡bi
Zzjbvq wbDwK¬qv‡mi AvqZb AZ¨šÍ ÿz`ª Ges hv (nvB‡Wªv‡Rb) cigvYyi AvqZ‡bi Zzjbvq 1 jÿ fvM †QvU|
cigvYy
g‡Wj
* iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡Wj,
1911
* ‡ev‡ii cigvYy g‡Wj, 1913
iv`vi‡dv‡W©i
cigvYy g‡Wj
1| cigvYyi
†h AskwU abvZ¥K Avavb wewkó I fvix Zv †K‡›`ª Ae¯’vb K‡i| GwU wbDwK¬qvm bv‡g
cwiwPZ| GLv‡bB cigvYyi ei †K›`ªxf~Z
_v‡K|
2| cigvYy
mvgvwMÖKfv‡e Zwor wbi‡cÿ| wbDwK¬qv‡mi hZ¸‡jv abvZ¥K KYv we`¨gvb wVK ZZ¸‡iv
FYvZ¥K K_v (B‡jKUªb) Gi Pvicv‡k Ae¯’vb
K‡i|
3| cigvYyi
GB g‡Wj †mŠiRM‡Zi mv‡_ Zzjbxq m~h©‡K †K›`ª K‡i wbR wbR Kÿc‡_ MÖn¸‡jv †hfv‡e Ny‡i wVK GKBfv‡e
B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wbDwK¬qvm‡K †K›`ª K‡i wbR wbR Kÿc‡_ Zxeª †e‡M Nyi‡Q| abvZ¥K Avavb wewkó¨ wbDwK¬qvm I FYvZ¥K Avavb wewkó
B‡jKUªb mg~‡ni cvvi¯úwiK w¯’i ˆe`y¨wZK AvKl©Y RwbZ †K›`ªgyLx
ej I N~Yvqgvb B‡jKUª‡bi †K›`ª ewng©~Lx ej ci¯úi mgvb|
4| cigvYyi
AvKvi ev AvqZ‡bi Zzjbvq wbDwK¬qvm AZ¨šÍ ÿz`ª|
iv`vi‡dvW©
Gi cigvYy g‡Wj Gi mxgve×Zv
1| G
g‡Wj‡K †Lvjv wm‡÷‡gi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kivn‰h‡Q| †mŠigÛ‡j myn¸‡jv Zvwor-wbi‡cÿ wKšÍy
cigvYy‡Z aYvZ¥K Avavbhy³ †cÖvUb I FYvZ¥K
Avavbhy³ B‡jKUªb we`¨gvb Ges G‡`i g‡a¨ AvKl©Y I weKl©Y Av‡Q|
2| g¨v·I‡q‡ji
ZË¡vbymv‡i †Kvb Avavbhy³ e¯‘ ev KYv †Kv‡bv e„ËvKvi c‡_ Nyi‡Z _vK‡j Zv µgvMZ kw³
wewKiY Ki‡e Ges Zvi AveZ©b PµI ax‡i ax‡i
†dvU †QvU n‡Z _vK‡e| myZivs B‡jKUªb µgk kw³ nviv‡Z
nviv‡Z wbDwK¬qv‡m cwZZ n‡e| A_©vr iv`vi‡dvW© Gi GB g‡Wj Abymv‡i cigvYy
m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c GKwU A¯’vq Ae¯’v cÖvß n‡e, hv
cigvYyi †ÿ‡Î KLbB Ggb N‡U bv|
3| iv`vi‡dv‡W©i
B‡jKUª‡bi AvKvi I AvK…wZ m¤ú©‡K †Kvb aviYv †`Iqv nq wb|
4| GB
g‡Wj Abymv‡i cigvYy‡Z kw³i wewKiY Awew”Qbœfv‡e NU‡e| d‡j cigvYyi eY©vwj‡Z m„ó
†iLv¸‡jv Awew”Qbœ n‡e Ges Zv cÖk¯Í
e¨v‡Ûi g‡Zv cwijwÿZ n‡e| wKš‘ eY©vjx‡Z m„ó †iLv¸‡jv wew”Qbœ Ges †ek D¾¡j †`Lvq|
5| eû
B‡jKUªb wewkó cigvYy‡Z B‡jUKUªb¸‡jv wbDwK¬qvm‡K Kxfv‡e cwiµgYK‡i †hm m¤ú‡K©
†Kvb D‡jøL G g‡W‡j †bB|
†ev‡ii cigvYy g‡Wj
1| bxjm&
†evi 1993 mv‡j cigvYyi MVb I GKB mv‡_
cvigvYweK eY©vjx e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ GB g‡W‡j Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
GwU g¨v· cøs‡Ki wewKwiZ kw³i †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i Ici cÖwZwôZ|
†evi Gi cigvYyg‡W‡ji ¯^xKvh©mg~n n‡jv:
1| wbDwKwjqvm‡K †Kb K‡i e„ËvKvi c‡_ B‡jKUªbmg~n
Nyi‡Z _v‡K|
2| wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pviw`‡K e„ËvKvi KZ¸‡jv w¯’i Kÿc_
Av‡Q hv‡Z Ae¯’vb wb‡q B‡jKUªb mg~n Nyi‡Z _v‡K| G¸‡iv‡K kw³¯Íi ev AiweU ejv nq|
kw³¯Íi mg~n‡K KwíZ msL¨v n Gi gvb Abymv‡i k, L, M, N Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
n =
1 Gi Rb¨ cÖ_g kw³¯Íi, K
n = 2 Gi Rb¨ wØZxq kw³¯Íi, L
n = 3 Gi Rb¨ Z…Zxq kw³¯Íi, M
n = 4 Gi Rb¨ PZz_© kw³¯Íi, N
Gfv‡e n Gi gvb 5, 6 , 7 BZ¨vw` c~Y©msL¨v gv‡b e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K Ges
kw³¯Íimg~n‡K h_vµ‡g O, P,Q Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| wbw`©ó kw³¯Í‡i _vKv
Ae¯’vq B‡jKUªb¸‡jv kw³ †kvlY A_ev wewKiYK‡i bv|
3| hLb †Kvb B‡jKUªb wb¤œ kw³¯Íi †_‡K D”P kw³¯Í‡i
¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq A_©¨vr n = 1 n‡Z n = 2 Kÿc‡_ hvq ZLb wbw`©ó cwigvY kw³ †kvlY
K‡i|
Avevi,
hLb
†Kvb B‡jKUªb D”P kw³¯Íi ev Kÿc_ †_‡K wb¤œ Kÿc‡_ ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq A_©vr n = 2 Kÿc_ †_‡K n = 1 Kÿc‡_ hvq ZLb wbw`©ó cwigvY kw³ wewKiY K‡i|
†evi cigvYy g‡W‡ji mxgve×Zv
1| †evi
cigvYy g‡Wj GK B‡jKUªb wewkó nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi eY©vbx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡jI
GKvwaK B‡jKUªb wewkó cigvYyi
eb©vjx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Zcv‡i bv|
2| GKwU
kw³¯Íi †_‡K Aci kw³¯Íi G B‡jKUª‡bi ¯’vbvšÍi NU‡j, †evi cigvYy gWj Abymv‡i
eY©vjx‡Z GKwU K‡i †iLv m„wó nIqvi
K_v,wKš‘ eY©vwj AwaK m~² hš¿ Øviv cixÿY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, cÖwZwU †iLv K‡qKwU m~² †iLvq wef³ _v‡K|
†Kvqv›Uvg
msL¨v
†h
mKj ivwk ev msL¨v Øviv cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi K·c_ ev kw³¯Í‡ii AvKvi I AvK…wZ
wÎgvwÎK Awfweb¨vm Ges B‡jKUª‡bi Kÿc‡_i
Aÿ eivei w¯úb ev AveZ©b (spin) MwZ m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v e‡j|
†Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc :
1| cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v
2| mnKvix †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v
3| †PŠ¤^K †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v
4| w¯úb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v
cÖavb
†Kvq›Uvg msL¨v
cigvYy‡Z
B‡jKUªb Gi AiweU (Kÿc_) ev cÖavb kw³¯Íi‡K †h µwgK msL¨v Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v e‡j| G‡K n Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| wbDwK¬qvm
n‡Z `~iZ¡ Abymv‡i cÖavb kw³ ¯Íi¸‡jv‡K
h_vµ‡g k ¯Íi (n = 1)
L ¯Íi (n = 2),
M ¯Íi (n = 3),N ¯Íi (n = 4), O ¯Íi (n = 5) Gfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq| cÖwZwU kw³¯Íi m‡ev”P© 2n2
msL¨K B‡jKUªb aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cÖavb
kw³¯Íi
|
cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v
|
mev©waK B‡jKUªb msL¨v
|
cÖ_g
|
K (N = 1)
|
|
wØZxq
|
L (n = 2)
|
|
Z…Zxq
|
M (N = 3)
|
|
PZz_©
|
N (N = 4)
|
mnKvix
†Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v
†h
†Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v Øviv cÖwZwU cÖavb‡Kvqv›Uvg ¯Íi ev kw³¯Íi ¸‡ivi msL¨v cÖKvk Kiv
hvq Zv‡K mnKvix †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v
e‡j| G‡K N Gi
Dci wbf©i K‡i| N Gi gvb hZ Dckw³¯Í‡ii msL¨vI ZZ| †h †Kvb Dc¯Í‡i m‡ev”P© B‡jKUªb aviY ÿgZv 2 (l + 1) GLv‡b L Gi gvb 0 , 1 ,
2 , 3
cÖavb
†Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v, n
|
mnKvix
†Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v, L
|
Dckw³¯Íi
|
Dc¯Í‡ii
B‡jKUªb
msL¨v
,2(2L+1)
|
n = 1,
K shell
|
0
|
1s
|
2(2
|
n = 2,
L shell
|
0
1
|
2s
2P
|
2(2
2(2
|
n = 3,
M Shell
|
0
1
2
|
3s
3P
3d
|
2(2
2(2
2(2
|
n = 4,
N Shell
|
0
1
2
3
|
4s
4P
4d
4f
|
2(2
2(2
2(2
2(2
|
†PŠ¤^K
†Kvqv›Uvg
†h †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v Øviv Dckw³¯Í‡ii wÎgvwÎK web¨vm m¤ú‡K© aviYv
cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †PŠ¤^K †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v
e‡j| GK m Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| m Gi gvb L Gi gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj m Gi gvb 0 mn
n‡Z cv‡i|
A_¨v©r
L = 0 n‡j m = 0
L = 1 n‡j m = 0,
L = 2 n‡j m = 0,
,
L = 3 n‡j m = 0,
,
w¯úb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v
†h
†Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v Øviv B‡jKUª‡bi wbRA‡ÿi Ici AveZ©‡bi w`K cÖKvwkZ nq Zv‡K
w¯úb‡Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v e‡j| G‡K S Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| S =
n‡e|
cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v, n
|
mnKvix †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v, L
|
Dc¯Íi
|
‡PŠ¤^K †Kvq›Uvg msL¨v, m
|
AiweUvj msL¨v
|
w¯úb †Kvqv›Uvig msL¨v, S
|
B‡jKUªb msL¨v
|
B‡jKUªb web¨vm
|
n = 1
|
0
|
1s
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
1S2
|
|
n = 2
|
0
|
2s
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
2S22p6
|
|
1
|
2s
|
3
|
6
|
||||
n = 3
|
0
|
3s
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
3S23p63d10
|
|
1
|
3p
|
3
|
6
|
||||
2
|
3d
|
5
|
10
|
||||
n = 4
|
0
|
4s
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
4s24p64d104f14
|
|
1
|
4p
|
3
|
6
|
||||
2
|
4d
|
5
|
10
|
||||
3
|
4f
|
7
|
14
|
* †Kvb
Dc¯Í‡ii kw³µg wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ (n + l) e¨envi Kiv nq|
Q. 3d, 4s Kvi kw³ Kg ev †ewk
3d GLv‡b n = 3 Gi Rb¨ l = 0,1,2, l = 2 Gi Rb¨ = d,
A_©¨vr (n + l) = (3+2) = 5
Avevi,
4s GLv‡b n = 4 Gi Rb¨ l = 0,1,2,3 l
= 0 Gi Rb¨
Dckw³¯Íi S
A_©¨vr (n+ l) = (4+0) = 4
3d , 4s A‡cÿv eo
A_©¨vr
4s, 3d A‡cÿv Kg
kw³ m¤ú~Y© AvDdevDd bxwZ
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s
4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d
7p 8s
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